Solar cell

ABSTRACT

A composition for solar cell electrodes, an electrode formed of the same, and a method of forming an electrode, the composition including a conductive powder; a glass frit; at least one of a cyclosiloxane compound and a silsesquioxane compound; and an organic vehicle.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This is a divisional application based on pending application Ser. No.15/857,965, filed Dec. 29, 2017, the entire contents of which is herebyincorporated by reference

Korean Patent Application No. 10-2017-0017907, filed on Feb. 9, 2017, inthe Korean Intellectual Property Office, and entitled: “Composition forForming Solar Cell Electrode and Electrode Prepared Using the Same,” isincorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

BACKGROUND 1. Field

Embodiments relate to a composition for solar cell electrodes and anelectrode formed of the same.

2. Description of the Related Art

A silicon-based solar cell may include a substrate formed of a p-typesilicon semiconductor and an emitter layer formed of an n-type siliconsemiconductor. A p-n junction is formed between the p-type substrate andthe n-type emitter layer. When light, e.g., sunlight, enters the solarcell having such a structure, electrons are generated as majoritycarriers in the emitter layer formed of the n-type silicon semiconductorand holes are generated as majority carriers in the substrate formed ofthe p-type silicon semiconductor due to the photovoltaic effect. Theelectrons and holes generated due to the photovoltaic effect move to afront electrode and a rear electrode bonded to upper and lower surfacesof the emitter layer, respectively, and current flows when theseelectrodes are connected to each other by a wire.

SUMMARY

Embodiments are directed to a composition for solar cell electrodes andan electrode formed of the same.

The embodiments may be realized by providing a composition for solarcell electrodes, the composition including a conductive powder; a glassfrit; at least one of a cyclosiloxane compound and a silsesquioxanecompound; and an organic vehicle.

The at least one of the cyclosiloxane compound and silsesquioxanecompound may be present in an amount of about 0.1 wt % to about 2 wt %in the composition for solar cell electrodes.

The composition may have an area change rate of about 60% or less, ascalculated according to the following Equation 1:

Area change rate=(S ₁ −S ₀ |/S ₀)×100  (1),

wherein, in Equation 1, S₀ denotes a cross-sectional area in μm² of anelectrode formed by printing the composition for solar cell electrodesand not subjected to drying and baking, and S₁ denotes a cross-sectionalarea in μm² of the electrode subjected to drying at 300° C. for 40seconds and baking at 800° C. for 60 seconds.

The composition may include the cyclosiloxane compound, and thecyclosiloxane compound may include hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane,octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane, decamethylcyclopentasiloxane,dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane, tetradecamethylcycloheptasiloxane,octadecamethylcyclononasiloxane, tetramethylcyclotetrasiloxane,hexaphenylcyclotrisiloxane, tetramethyl-tetravinylcyclotetrasiloxane,tris(trifluoropropyl)-trimethylcyclotrisiloxane,hexadecamethylcyclooctasiloxane, pentamethylcyclopentasiloxane,hexamethylcyclohexasiloxane, octaphenylcyclotetrasiloxane,triphenylcyclotrisiloxane, tetraphenylcyclotetrasiloxane,tetramethyl-tetraphenylcyclotetrasiloxane,tetravinyl-tetraphenylcyclotetrasiloxane,hexamethyl-hexavinylcyclohexasiloxane,hexamethyl-hexaphenylcyclohexasiloxane, orhexavinyl-hexaphenylcyclohexasiloxane.

The composition may include the silsesquioxane compound, and thesilsesquioxane compound may include octaphenylsilsesquioxane,octamethylsilsesquioxane, or octavinylsilsesquioxane.

The glass frit may include a bismuth-tellurium-oxide (Bi—Te—O)-basedglass frit.

The bismuth-tellurium-oxide (Bi—Te—O)-based glass frit may furtherinclude an elemental metal, the elemental metal including lithium (Li),zinc (Zn), phosphorus (P), germanium (Ge), gallium (Ga), cerium (Ce),iron (Fe), silicon (Si), tungsten (W), magnesium (Mg), cesium (Cs),strontium (Sr), molybdenum (Mo), titanium (Ti), tin (Sn), indium (In),vanadium (V), barium (Ba), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), sodium (Na),potassium (K), arsenic (As), cobalt (Co), zirconium (Zr), or manganese(Mn).

The composition may include about 60 wt % to about 95 wt % of theconductive powder; about 0.1 wt % to 2 wt % of the at least one of thecyclosiloxane compound and silsesquioxane compound; about 0.1 wt % toabout 20 wt % of the glass frit; and about 1 wt % to about 30 wt % ofthe organic vehicle.

The composition for solar cell electrodes may further include adispersant, a thixotropic agent, a plasticizer, a viscosity stabilizer,an anti-foaming agent, a pigment, a UV stabilizer, an antioxidant, or acoupling agent.

The embodiments may be realized by providing an electrode formed of thecomposition for solar cell electrodes according to an embodiment.

The embodiments may be realized by providing a method of forming anelectrode, the method comprising applying the composition for solar cellelectrodes according to an embodiment on a substrate.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWING

Features will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art bydescribing in detail exemplary embodiments with reference to theattached drawing in which:

The FIGURE illustrates a schematic view of a solar cell according to anembodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Example embodiments will now be described more fully hereinafter withreference to the accompanying drawing; however, they may be embodied indifferent forms and should not be construed as limited to theembodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided sothat this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fullyconvey exemplary implementations to those skilled in the art.

In the drawing FIGURE, the dimensions of layers and regions may beexaggerated for clarity of illustration. It will also be understood thatwhen a layer or element is referred to as being “on” another layer orelement, it can be directly on the other layer or element, orintervening layers may also be present. In addition, it will also beunderstood that when a layer is referred to as being “between” twolayers, it can be the only layer between the two layers, or one or moreintervening layers may also be present. Like reference numerals refer tolike elements throughout. As used herein, the term “or” is not anexclusive term, e.g., “A or B” would include A, B, or A and B.

Composition for Solar Cell Electrodes

A composition for solar cell electrodes according to an embodiment mayinclude, e.g., a conductive powder; a glass frit; at least one of acyclosiloxane compound and a silsesquioxane compound (e.g., a cagesilsesquioxane compound); and an organic vehicle. For example, thecomposition may include a cyclosiloxane compound or a silsesquioxanecompound.

In an implementation, the composition for solar cell electrodes may havean area change rate of about 60% or less, e.g. about 45% or less orabout 40% or less, as calculated according to Equation 1. Within thisrange of area change rate, the composition may help reduce post-bakingshrinkage of an electrode while having excellent processability andreliability when used to fabricate the electrode.

Area change rate=(|S ₁ −S ₀ /S ₀)×100  <Equation 1>

In Equation 1, wherein S₀ denotes a cross-sectional area (unit: μm²) ofan electrode formed by printing the composition for solar cellelectrodes and not subjected to drying and baking, and S₁ denotes across-sectional area (unit: μm²) of the electrode subjected to drying at300° C. for 40 seconds and baking at 800° C. for 60 seconds.

For example, in measurement of the area change rate according toEquation 1, the composition for solar cell electrodes may be printedwith a maximum line width of about 30 μm to about 70 μm, a maximumheight of about 10 μm to about 20 μm, and an aspect ratio of about 0.15to about 0.30, followed by measurement of S₀ and S₁. Herein, “aspectratio” refers to a ratio of maximum height to maximum width (maximumheight/maximum width). For example, the area change rate according toEquation 1 may be measured on an electrode obtained by printing thecomposition for solar cell electrodes such that the electrode has arectangle shape, square shape, triangle shape, trapezoid shape, or arectangle or square shape with one semicircular side in cross-section.For example, the area change rate according to Equation 1 may bemeasured on an electrode obtained by depositing the composition forsolar cell electrodes on a monocrystalline silicon wafer by screenprinting.

In an implementation, the composition for solar cell electrodes mayprovide excellent electrical properties such as contact resistance,serial resistance, and open circuit voltage after baking, and mayinclude the cyclosiloxane compound or silsesquioxane compound.

Now, each component of the composition for solar cell electrodesaccording to an embodiment will be described in more detail.

Conductive Powder

The conductive powder may include a metal powder of, e.g., silver, gold,platinum, palladium, aluminum, or nickel. In an implementation, theconductive powder may include silver (Ag) powder.

In an implementation, the conductive powder may have a nanometer ormicrometer-scale particle size. For example, the conductive powder mayhave a particle size of dozens to several hundred nanometers, or aparticle diameter of several to dozens of micrometers. In animplementation, the conductive powder may be a mixture of two or moretypes of conductive powders having different particle sizes.

The conductive powder may have various particle shapes, e.g., aspherical shape, a flake shape, and an amorphous shape.

The conductive powder may have an average particle diameter (D50) ofabout 0.1 μm to about 10 μm, e.g., about 0.5 μm to about 5 μm. Withinthis range, the composition can reduce contact resistance and serialresistance of a solar cell. The average particle diameter may bemeasured using, e.g., a Model 1064D (CILAS Co., Ltd.) after dispersingthe conductive powder in isopropyl alcohol (IPA) at 25° C. for 3 minutesvia ultrasonication.

The conductive powder may be present in an amount of, e.g., about 60 wt% to about 95 wt %, based on a total weight of the composition for solarcell electrodes. Within this range, the composition may help improveconversion efficiency of a solar cell and may be easily prepared inpaste form. In an implementation, the conductive powder may be presentin an amount of, e.g., about 70 wt % to about 90 wt % based on the totalweight of the composition for solar cell electrodes.

Glass Frit

The glass frit may serve to form silver crystal grains in an emitterregion by etching an anti-reflection layer and melting the conductivepowder during a baking process of the composition for solar cellelectrodes. Further, the glass frit may help improve adhesion of theconductive powder to a wafer and may be softened to decrease the bakingtemperature during the baking process.

In an implementation, the glass frit may include a low-melting pointglass frit having a glass transition temperature of about 200° C. toabout 300° C. Within this range, the glass frit may provide good contactresistance.

In an implementation, the glass frit may be a lead-free glass frit. Inan implementation, the glass frit may be a bismuth-tellurium-oxide(Bi—Te—O)-based glass frit including elemental bismuth and tellurium.The glass frit including elemental bismuth and tellurium can providegood contact resistance and increased open circuit voltage. In animplementation, the glass frit may further include elemental metals inaddition to bismuth and tellurium. In an implementation, the glass fritmay further include, e.g., lithium (Li), zinc (Zn), phosphorus (P),germanium (Ge), gallium (Ga), cerium (Ce), iron (Fe), silicon (Si),tungsten (W), magnesium (Mg), cesium (Cs), strontium (Sr), molybdenum(Mo), titanium (Ti), tin (Sn), indium (In), vanadium (V), barium (Ba),nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), sodium (Na), potassium (K), arsenic (As),cobalt (Co), zirconium (Zr), or manganese (Mn). In an implementation,the glass frit is a bismuth-tellurium-zinc-lithium-oxide(Bi—Te—Zn—Li—O)-based glass frit.

In an implementation, the glass frit may have an average particlediameter (D50) of about 0.1 μm to about 10 μm. In an implementation, theglass frit may have a spherical or amorphous shape. The average particlediameter (D50) may be measured using, for example, a Model 1064D (CILASCo., Ltd.) after dispersing the glass frit in isopropyl alcohol (IPA) at25° C. for 3 minutes via ultrasonication.

The glass frit may be prepared from tellurium oxide, bismuth oxide, and,optionally, the aforementioned metals and/or metal oxides by a suitablemethod. For example, tellurium oxide, bismuth oxide, and, optionally,the metals and/or metal oxides are mixed using a ball mill or aplanetary mill. The mixture may then be melted at about 800° C. to about1300° C., followed by quenching to 25° C. The resulting material may besubjected to pulverization using a disk mill, a planetary mill, or thelike, thereby preparing the glass frit.

In an implementation, the glass frit may be present in an amount ofabout 0.1 wt % to about 20 wt %, e.g., about 0.5 wt % to about 10 wt %,based on the total weight of the composition for solar cell electrodes.Within this range, the glass frit may help secure stability of a p-njunction under various sheet resistances, minimize serial resistance,and ultimately improve solar cell efficiency.

Cyclosiloxane Compound and/or the Silsesquioxane Compound

The cyclosiloxane compound and/or the silsesquioxane compound may helpreduce the area change rate according to Equation 1 without increasingviscosity of the composition.

The cyclosiloxane compound may be a cyclic siloxane compound having aring of silicon-oxygen-silicon-oxygen. For example, the cyclosiloxanecompound may not be a polymer. In an implementation, the compound mayinclude a substituted or unsubstituted one of, e.g., cyclotrisiloxane,cyclotetrasiloxane, cyclopentasiloxane, cyclohexasiloxane,cycloheptasiloxane, cyclooctasiloxane, cyclononasiloxane, orcyclodecasiloxane. As used herein, the term “substituted” means that atleast one hydrogen atom bonded to silicon (Si) of siloxane issubstituted with a C₁ to C₅ alkyl group (for example, a methyl group, anethyl group, a propyl group, a butyl group, or a pentyl group), a C₂ toC₅ alkenyl group (for example, a vinyl group), a C₆ to C₁₀ aryl group (aphenyl group), or a C₁ to C₅ halogenated alkyl group (for example, atrifluoropropyl group).

In an implementation, the cyclosiloxane compound may include, e.g.,hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane, octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane,decamethylcyclopentasiloxane, dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane,tetradecamethylcycloheptasiloxane, octadecamethylcyclononasiloxane,tetramethylcyclotetrasiloxane, hexaphenylcyclotrisiloxane,tetramethyl-tetravinylcyclotetrasiloxane such as2,4,6,8-tetramethyl-2,4,6,8-tetravinylcyclotetrasiloxane,tris(trifluoropropyl)-trimethylcyclotrisiloxane such as1,3,5-tris(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)-1,3,5-trimethylcyclotrisiloxane,hexadecamethylcyclooctasiloxane, pentamethylcyclopentasiloxane,hexamethylcyclohexasiloxane, octaphenylcyclotetrasiloxane,triphenylcyclotrisiloxane, tetraphenylcyclotetrasiloxane,tetramethyl-tetraphenylcyclotetrasiloxane,tetravinyl-tetraphenylcyclotetrasiloxane,hexamethyl-hexavinylcyclohexasiloxane,hexamethyl-hexaphenylcyclohexasiloxane, orhexavinyl-hexaphenylcyclohexasiloxane.

The silsesquioxane compound has a cage structure and may include asilsesquioxane composed of RSiO_(3/2) (where R is a hydrogen atom, a C₁to C₅ alkyl group, a C₂ to C₅ alkenyl group, a C₁ to C₅ alkoxy group, ora C₆ to C₁₀ aryl group). In an implementation, the silsesquioxanecompound may include, e.g., octaphenyl silsesquioxane, octamethylsilsesquioxane, or octavinyl silsesquioxane.

In an implementation, the cyclosiloxane compound and/or thesilsesquioxane compound may be present in an amount of, e.g., about 0.1wt % to about 2 wt %, based on the total weight of the composition forsolar cell electrodes. Within this range, the cyclosiloxane compoundand/or the silsesquioxane compound may help reduce the area change rateof the composition and prevent increase in resistance values of a solarcell.

Organic Vehicle

The organic vehicle may impart suitable viscosity and rheologicalcharacteristics for printing to the composition for solar cellelectrodes through mechanical mixing with the inorganic component of thecomposition.

The organic vehicle may be a suitable organic vehicle for a compositionfor solar cell electrodes and may include, e.g., a binder resin, asolvent, and the like.

The binder resin may include acrylate resins or cellulose resins. Ethylcellulose may be used as the binder resin. In an implementation, thebinder resin may be of ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose, nitrocellulose,blends of ethyl cellulose and phenol resins, alkyd resins, phenolresins, acrylic acid ester resins, xylene resins, polybutane resins,polyester resins, urea resins, melamine resins, vinyl acetate resins,wood rosin, polymethacrylates of alcohols, and the like.

The solvent may include, e.g., hexane, toluene, ethyl cellosolve,cyclohexanone, butyl cello solve, butyl carbitol (diethylene glycolmonobutyl ether), dibutyl carbitol (diethylene glycol dibutyl ether),butyl carbitol acetate (diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate),propylene glycol monomethyl ether, hexylene glycol, terpineol,methylethylketone, benzylalcohol, γ-butyrolactone, ethyl lactate, or2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol monoisobutyrate (e.g., Texanol). Thesemay be used alone or as a mixture thereof.

In an implementation, the organic vehicle may be present in an amountof, e.g., about 1 wt % to about 30 wt %, based on the total weight ofthe composition for solar cell electrodes. Within this range, theorganic vehicle can provide sufficient adhesive strength and excellentprintability to the composition.

Additives

The composition for solar cell electrodes may further include suitableadditives to help enhance fluidity, process properties, and/orstability, as desired. In an implementation, the additives may include,e.g., dispersants, thixotropic agents, plasticizers, viscositystabilizers, anti-foaming agents, pigments, UV stabilizers,antioxidants, coupling agents, or the like. These additives may be usedalone or as mixtures thereof. In an implementation, the additives may bepresent in an amount of, e.g., about 0.1 wt % to about 5 wt %, based onthe total weight of the conductive paste, although the content of theadditives may be changed, as needed.

Solar Cell Electrode and Solar Cell Including the Same

The embodiments may provide an electrode formed of the composition forsolar cell electrodes and a solar cell including the same. The FIGUREillustrates a solar cell 100 in accordance with one embodiment.

Referring to the FIGURE, a rear electrode 21 and a front electrode 23may be formed by printing the composition for electrodes on a wafer 10or substrate including a p-layer (or an n-layer) 11 and an n-layer (or ap-layer) 12 as an emitter, followed by baking. For example, apreliminary process of preparing the rear electrode may be performed byprinting the composition on a back surface of the wafer and drying theprinted composition at about 200° C. to about 400° C. for about 10 to 60seconds. Further, a preliminary process for preparing the frontelectrode may be performed by printing the composition on a frontsurface of the wafer and drying the printed composition. Then, the frontelectrode 23 and the rear electrode 21 may be formed by baking the waferat about 400° C. to about 950° C., preferably at about 700° C. to about950° C., for about 30 to 210 seconds.

The following Examples and Comparative Examples are provided in order tohighlight characteristics of one or more embodiments, but it will beunderstood that the Examples and Comparative Examples are not to beconstrued as limiting the scope of the embodiments, nor are theComparative Examples to be construed as being outside the scope of theembodiments. Further, it will be understood that the embodiments are notlimited to the particular details described in the Examples andComparative Examples.

Example 1

As an organic binder, 0.5 wt % of ethyl cellulose (STD4, Dow ChemicalCompany) was sufficiently dissolved in 6.4 wt % of Texanol (EastmanChemical Company) at 60° C., and 89.0 wt % of spherical silver powder(AG-5-11F, Dowa Hightech Co., Ltd.) having an average particle diameterof 2.0 μm, 2.5 wt % of a Bi—Te—Zn—Li—O-based glass frit prepared usingcomponents listed in Table 1 (average particle diameter: 1.0 μm. glasstransition temperature: 273° C.), 0.8 wt % of hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane(H0725, Tokyo Chemical Industry) as a cyclosiloxane compound, 0.4 wt %of a dispersant BYK102 (BYK-chemie), and 0.4 wt % of a thixotropic agentThixatrol ST (Elementis Co., Ltd.) were added to the binder solution,followed by mixing and kneading in a 3-roll kneader, thereby preparing acomposition for solar cell electrodes.

TABLE 1 Bi₂O₃ TeO₂ ZnO Li₂O Amount (wt %) 15.8 53.8 13.2 17.2

Example 2

A composition for solar cell electrodes was prepared in the same manneras in Example 1 except that octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (00142, TokyoChemical Industry) was used as the cyclosiloxane compound (instead ofhexamethylcyclotrisiloxane).

Example 3

A composition for solar cell electrodes was prepared in the same manneras in Example 1 except that decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D1890, TokyoChemical Industry) was used as the cyclosiloxane compound (instead ofhexamethylcyclotrisiloxane).

Example 4

A composition for solar cell electrodes was prepared in the same manneras in Example 1 except that dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane (D2040, TokyoChemical Industry) was used as the cyclosiloxane compound (instead ofhexamethylcyclotrisiloxane).

Example 5

A composition for solar cell electrodes was prepared in the same manneras in Example 1 except that tetradecamethylcycloheptasiloxane (T2678,Tokyo Chemical Industry) was used as the cyclosiloxane compound (insteadof hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane).

Example 6

A composition for solar cell electrodes was prepared in the same manneras in Example 1 except that octadecamethylcyclononasiloxane (00425,Tokyo Chemical Industry) was used as the cyclosiloxane compound (insteadof hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane).

Example 7

A composition for solar cell electrodes was prepared in the same manneras in Example 1 except that 2,4,6,8-tetramethylcyclotetrasiloxane(T2076, Tokyo Chemical Industry) was used as the cyclosiloxane compound(instead of hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane).

Example 8

A composition for solar cell electrodes was prepared in the same manneras in Example 1 except that hexaphenylcyclotrisiloxane (H1248, TokyoChemical Industry) was used as the cyclosiloxane compound (instead ofhexamethylcyclotrisiloxane).

Example 9

A composition for solar cell electrodes was prepared in the same manneras in Example 1 except that2,4,6,8-tetramethyl-2,4,6,8-tetravinylcyclotetrasiloxane (T2523, TokyoChemical Industry) was used as the cyclosiloxane compound (instead ofhexamethylcyclotrisiloxane).

Example 10

A composition for solar cell electrodes was prepared in the same manneras in Example 1 except that1,3,5-tris(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)-1,3,5-trimethylcyclotrisiloxane(T3226, Tokyo Chemical Industry) was used as the cyclosiloxane compound(instead of hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane).

Example 11

A composition for solar cell electrodes was prepared in the same manneras in Example 1 except that octaphenylsilsesquioxane (00349, TokyoChemical Industry) was used as a silsesquioxane compound, instead of thecyclosiloxane compound (hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane).

Example 12

A composition for solar cell electrodes was prepared in the same manneras in Example 1 except that 0.2 wt % of decamethylcyclopentasiloxane(D1890, Tokyo Chemical Industry) was used as the cyclosiloxane compound(instead of hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane) and 7.0 wt % of Texanol (EastmanChemical Company) was used.

Example 13

A composition for solar cell electrodes was prepared in the same manneras in Example 1 except that 1.4 wt % of decamethylcyclopentasiloxane(D1890, Tokyo Chemical Industry) was used as the cyclosiloxane compound(instead of hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane) and 5.8 wt % of Texanol (EastmanChemical Company) was used.

Example 14

A composition for solar cell electrodes was prepared in the same manneras in Example 1 except that 2.0 wt % of decamethylcyclopentasiloxane(D1890, Tokyo Chemical Industry) was used as the cyclosiloxane compound(instead of hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane) and 5.2 wt % of Texanol (EastmanChemical Company) was used.

Example 15

A composition for solar cell electrodes was prepared in the same manneras in Example 1 except that 0.1 wt % of decamethylcyclopentasiloxane(D1890, Tokyo Chemical Industry) was used as the cyclosiloxane compound(instead of hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane) and 7.1 wt % of Texanol (EastmanChemical Company) was used.

Comparative Example 1

A composition for solar cell electrodes was prepared in the same manneras in Example 1 except that a cyclosiloxane compound was not includedand 7.2 wt % of Texanol (Eastman Chemical Company) was used.

Comparative Example 2

A composition for solar cell electrodes was prepared in the same manneras in Example 1 except that 0.8 wt % of polydimethylsiloxane (TEGO Glide410, Evonik Industries) was included (as a linear siloxane) instead ofthe cyclosiloxane compound.

Comparative Example 3

A composition for solar cell electrodes was prepared in the same manneras in Example 1 except that 0.8 wt % of polydimethylsiloxane (TEGO FlowATF2, Evonik Industries) was included (as a linear siloxane) instead ofthe cyclosiloxane compound.

Comparative Example 4

A composition for solar cell electrodes was prepared in the same manneras in Example 1 except that 0.8 wt % of octamethyltrisiloxane wasincluded (as a linear siloxane) instead of the cyclosiloxane compound.

Comparative Example 5

A composition for solar cell electrodes was prepared in the same manneras in Example 1 except that 0.8 wt % of1,3-dicyclohexyl-1,1,3,3-tetrakis(dimethylsilyloxy)disiloxane (52004,Sigma-Aldrich Corporation) was included (as branched siloxane) insteadof the cyclosiloxane compound.

Amount of each component used in the Examples and Comparative Example isshown in Table 2 (unit: wt %).

TABLE 2 Organic Linear Silver Thixotropic Item vehicle SolventCyclosiloxane Silsesquioxane siloxane powder Glass frit Dispersant agentExample 1 0.5 6.4 0.8 — — 89 2.5 0.4 0.4 Example 2 0.5 6.4 0.8 — — 892.5 0.4 0.4 Example 3 0.5 6.4 0.8 — — 89 2.5 0.4 0.4 Example 4 0.5 6.40.8 — — 89 2.5 0.4 0.4 Example 5 0.5 6.4 0.8 — — 89 2.5 0.4 0.4 Example6 0.5 6.4 0.8 — — 89 2.5 0.4 0.4 Example 7 0.5 6.4 0.8 — — 89 2.5 0.40.4 Example 8 0.5 6.4 0.8 — — 89 2.5 0.4 0.4 Example 9 0.5 6.4 0.8 — —89 2.5 0.4 0.4 Example 10 0.5 6.4 0.8 — — 89 2.5 0.4 0.4 Example 11 0.56.4 — 0.8 — 89 2.5 0.4 0.4 Example 12 0.5 7.0 0.2 — — 89 2.5 0.4 0.4Example 13 0.5 5.8 1.4 — — 89 2.5 0.4 0.4 Example 14 0.5 5.2 2.0 — — 892.5 0.4 0.4 Example 15 0.5 7.1 0.1 — — 89 2.5 0.4 0.4 Comparative 0.57.2 — — — 89 2.5 0.4 0.4 Example 1 Comparative 0.5 6.4 — — 0.8 89 2.50.4 0.4 Example 2 Comparative 0.5 6.4 — — 0.8 89 2.5 0.4 0.4 Example 3Comparative 0.5 6.4 — — 0.8 89 2.5 0.4 0.4 Example 4 Comparative 0.5 6.4— — 0.8 89 2.5 0.4 0.4 Example 5

Each of solar cells manufactured using the compositions of the Examplesand Comparative Examples was evaluated as to the following properties.Results are shown in Table 3.

(1) Area Change Rate

Each of the compositions for solar cell electrodes prepared in theExamples and Comparative Examples was deposited over a front surface ofa monocrystalline silicon wafer by screen printing in a predeterminedpattern (screen mask: 360 mesh, emulsion: 15, width: 35 μm) to form anelectrode, followed by measuring a cross sectional area S₀ (unit: μm²)of the electrode before baking. The electrode had a trapezoidal shape, amaximum width of 60 μm, and a maximum height of 17 μm. The electrode wasdried at 300° C. for 40 seconds and then baked at 800° C. for 60seconds, followed by measuring a cross sectional area S₁ (unit: μm²) ofthe electrode. Here, the cross-sectional area of the electrode wasmeasured using a 3D laser microscope VK-9700 (KEYENCE Corp.). The areachange rate was calculated according to Equation 1 using the obtained S₀and S₁ values.

(2) Electrical Properties

Each of the compositions for solar cell electrodes prepared in theExamples and Comparative Examples was deposited over a front surface ofa wafer (a polycrystalline wafer prepared by texturing a front surfaceof a p-type wafer doped with boron (B), forming an n+ layer of POCL₃,and forming an anti-reflection film of silicon nitride (SiN_(x):H) onthe n+ layer) by screen printing in a predetermined pattern, followed bydrying in an IR drying furnace at 300° C. to 400° C. Then, an aluminumpaste was printed on a back surface of the wafer and dried in the samemanner as above. A cell formed according to this procedure was subjectedto baking at a temperature of 400° C. to 900° C. for 60 seconds in abelt-type baking furnace, thereby fabricating a solar cell. Thefabricated solar cell was evaluated as to contact resistance (Rc),serial resistance (Rs), and open circuit voltage (Voc) using a solarcell efficiency tester (CT-801, Pasan Co., Ltd.).

TABLE 3 Area Contact Serial Open circuit change rate resistanceresistance voltage Item (%) (Ω) (Ω) (mV) Example 1 35.79 0.98 1.76632.28 Example 2 43.58 1.00 1.18 630.66 Example 3 44.19 0.61 1.88 632.67Example 4 44.97 0.21 1.14 627.95 Example 5 35.22 0.19 1.60 629.58Example 6 40.83 0.79 1.51 632.02 Example 7 40.91 0.97 1.49 629.85Example 8 40.16 0.90 1.52 632.32 Example 9 39.87 0.75 1.82 627.90Example 10 37.77 0.92 1.31 633.39 Example 11 37.89 0.68 1.73 634.57Example 12 38.08 0.99 1.85 627.50 Example 13 38.38 0.55 1.78 632.67Example 14 38.32 0.84 1.62 634.30 Example 15 41.36 1.00 1.48 631.51Comparative 68.57 1.70 2.50 620.17 Example 1 Comparative 66.72 1.35 2.64619.82 Example 2 Comparative 70.56 1.57 2.76 623.34 Example 3Comparative 68.88 1.23 2.98 623.32 Example 4 Comparative 74.04 1.50 2.98620.28 Example 5

As shown in Table 3, it may be seen that the compositions of solar cellelectrodes according to Examples 1-15 (including the cyclosiloxanecompound or the silsesquioxane compound) had a low rate of change inarea of an electrode after baking, as calculated according to Equation1, and thus exhibited excellent processability and reliability when usedto fabricate an electrode while providing excellent electricalproperties such as contact resistance, serial resistance, and opencircuit voltage after baking.

Conversely, it may be seen that the composition of Comparative Example 1(not including a cyclosiloxane or silsesquioxane) caused considerableincrease in line width when printed in a wafer and had a high areachange rate, and the composition of Comparative Examples 2 to 5(including a linear or branched siloxane compound instead of thecyclosiloxane compound or silsesquioxane compound) caused considerableincrease in electrode shrinkage during baking and thus had a high areachange rate.

By way of summation and review, Ag pastes may be used to form the frontelectrode. For a baking-type solar cell electrode paste, optimum bakingconditions may be changed depending upon variables in a wafermanufacturing process (e.g., range of emitter sheet resistance,thickness of an antireflection film formed by PECVD, and surfaceunevenness during a texturing process). For example, as the thickness ofan emitter layer is continuously reduced to increase solar cellefficiency, shunting may occur due to solar cell electrode pastes. Inorder to prepare an electrode paste operable under a wide range of sheetresistances from low sheet resistance to high sheet resistance, glassfrits and electrode pastes may not affect a p-n junction of the waferwhile having sufficiently low contact resistance.

Sunlight incident on a solar cell may not be completely converted intoelectrical energy, and it may be helpful to reduce loss factors for ahigh-efficiency solar cell. Loss factors in a solar cell may be broadlydivided into optical loss and electrical loss. Examples of optical lossmay include reflection at a surface of a solar cell when sunlight isincident on the solar cell, shadow loss due to electrodes, andwavelength-dependent loss.

In some solar cells, electrodes may be formed on a front surface of thesolar cell on which sunlight is incident. When sunlight is blocked byshadows of the electrodes, a dead area may be created, which contributesto reduction in absorption of sunlight. This is referred to as‘shadowing’, which is an obstacle to high solar cell conversionefficiency. Although it is possible to reduce shadowing by reducing anelectrode linewidth, simple reduction in electrode linewidth may causereduction in cross-sectional area of the electrode and thus increaseserial resistance.

The embodiments may provide a composition for solar cell electrodes thathas a low area change rate of an electrode after baking and thus canexhibit excellent processability and reliability when used to fabricatethe electrode.

The embodiments may provide a composition for solar cell electrodes thathas excellent electrical properties such as contact resistance, serialresistance, and open circuit voltage after baking while providing highefficiency.

Example embodiments have been disclosed herein, and although specificterms are employed, they are used and are to be interpreted in a genericand descriptive sense only and not for purpose of limitation. In someinstances, as would be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art asof the filing of the present application, features, characteristics,and/or elements described in connection with a particular embodiment maybe used singly or in combination with features, characteristics, and/orelements described in connection with other embodiments unless otherwisespecifically indicated. Accordingly, it will be understood by those ofskill in the art that various changes in form and details may be madewithout departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention asset forth in the following claims.

1.-11. (canceled)
 12. A solar cell including a front-side electrodeprepared from a composition for solar cell electrodes, the compositionincluding: a conductive powder; a glass frit; at least one of acyclosiloxane compound and a silsesquioxane compound; and an organicvehicle.
 13. The solar cell as claimed in claim 12, wherein theconductive powder does not include aluminum.
 14. The solar cell asclaimed in claim 12, wherein the composition includes about 60 wt % toabout 95 wt % of silver powder, based on a total weight of thecomposition.
 15. The solar cell as claimed in claim 12, wherein the atleast one of the cyclosiloxane compound and silsesquioxane compound ispresent in an amount of about 0.1 wt % to about 2 wt % in thecomposition for solar cell electrodes.
 16. The solar cell as claimed inclaim 12, wherein the composition has an area change rate of about 60%or less, as calculated according to the following Equation 1:Area change rate=(|S ₁ −S ₀ |/S ₀)×100  (1), wherein, in Equation 1, S₀denotes a cross-sectional area in μm² of an electrode formed by printingthe composition for solar cell electrodes and not subjected to dryingand baking, and S₁ denotes a cross-sectional area in μm² of theelectrode subjected to drying at 300° C. for 40 seconds and baking at800° C. for 60 seconds.
 17. The solar cell as claimed in claim 12,wherein: the composition includes the cyclosiloxane compound, and thecyclosiloxane compound includes hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane,octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane, decamethylcyclopentasiloxane,dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane, tetradecamethylcycloheptasiloxane,octadecamethylcyclononasiloxane, tetramethylcyclotetrasiloxane,hexaphenylcyclotrisiloxane, tetramethyl-tetravinylcyclotetrasiloxane,tris(trifluoropropyl)-trimethylcyclotrisiloxane,hexadecamethylcyclooctasiloxane, pentamethylcyclopentasiloxane,hexamethylcyclohexasiloxane, octaphenylcyclotetrasiloxane,triphenylcyclotrisiloxane, tetraphenylcyclotetrasiloxane,tetramethyl-tetraphenylcyclotetrasiloxane,tetravinyl-tetraphenylcyclotetrasiloxane,hexamethyl-hexavinylcyclohexasiloxane,hexamethyl-hexaphenylcyclohexasiloxane, orhexavinyl-hexaphenylcyclohexasiloxane.
 18. The solar cell as claimed inclaim 12, wherein: the composition includes the silsesquioxane compound,and the silsesquioxane compound includes octaphenylsilsesquioxane,octamethylsilsesquioxane, or octavinylsilsesquioxane.
 19. The solar cellas claimed in claim 12, wherein the glass frit includes abismuth-tellurium-oxide (Bi—Te—O)-based glass frit.
 20. The solar cellas claimed in claim 19, wherein the bismuth-tellurium-oxide(Bi—Te—O)-based glass frit further includes lithium (Li), zinc (Zn),phosphorus (P), germanium (Ge), gallium (Ga), cerium (Ce), iron (Fe),silicon (Si), tungsten (W), magnesium (Mg), cesium (Cs), strontium (Sr),molybdenum (Mo), titanium (Ti), tin (Sn), indium (In), vanadium (V),barium (Ba), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), sodium (Na), potassium (K),arsenic (As), cobalt (Co), zirconium (Zr), or manganese (Mn).
 21. Thesolar cell as claimed in claim 12, wherein the composition includes:about 60 wt % to about 95 wt % of the conductive powder; about 0.1 wt %to 2 wt % of the at least one of the cyclosiloxane compound andsilsesquioxane compound; about 0.1 wt % to about 20 wt % of the glassfrit; and about 1 wt % to about 30 wt % of the organic vehicle, all wt %being based on a total weight of the composition.
 22. The solar cell asclaimed in claim 12, wherein the composition further includes adispersant, a thixotropic agent, a plasticizer, a viscosity stabilizer,an anti-foaming agent, a pigment, a UV stabilizer, an antioxidant, or acoupling agent.